December 8 2023

Our recent paper on quantitative CBCT imaging was selected as "Editor's Choice" in the Medical Physics Journal. You can access the article here.

December 1 2023

Farhang gave a presentation at the RSNA 2023 Annual Meeting about our work on radiomics feature extraction from CBCT images. His talk is titled "Improving the robustness of radiomics features extracted from CBCT images in image guided radiation therapy"

October 20 2023

Our recent work on the simulation of 2D antiscatter grid’s primary transmission characteristics and their effect on CBCT image quality is published. Here is the link.  

Besides studying the effects of primary transmission, we introduced two new methods in this work: 1) We estimate imaging system’s line spread function, LSF, (the function that characterizes the blurring introduced by the imaging chain) from 2D grid’s septal shadows. Our method showed comparable performance with respect to well-known methods based on slanted radio-opaque edge. Our approach may negate the need for additional measurements using a radio-opaque edge. 2) We developed a new method to characterize the shape of the 2D antiscatter grid’s septal shadows. The pixel size of a typical flat panel detector is too large, and hence, septal shadows are typically undersampled in an x-ray projection. Our method, called Oversampled Shadow Profile (OSP), helps to accurately characterize the shape of septal shadows in x-ray images.

The image below shows how the grid pitch and apparent septal thickness affect primary transmission and low contrast visualization in simulated CBCT images.

October 9 2023

One of the dose delivery monitoring methods during radiotherapy sessions is to use cone-beam CT (CBCT) images acquired before radiotherapy delivery. Tissue densities are extracted from the images and subsequently used for dose calculations. However, density might be incorrectly represented in CBCT images, making this approach less straightforward.

Our recent preprint shows how we can directly calculate the delivered dose in CBCT images. The dose calculation accuracy of our approach was within 1% of the planning CT (considered the gold standard) in all 20 radiation treatment scenarios we evaluated. This is due to our robust scatter suppression approach in CBCT, using our 2D antiscatter grid and scatter sampling-based scatter correction in tandem. The preprint can be accessed using the following link.

We often receive the following question: why not just correct scatter, why use an antiscatter grid? The answer is twofold: 1) Scatter correction corrects the bias in the image signal, not the additional noise coming from scattered X-rays. Without an antiscatter grid, scatter fluence is much higher, and noise is amplified even more after scatter correction. This issue increases the reliance on noise suppression methods in CBCT images. 2) None of the scatter correction methods are perfect; there is always some error associated with scatter intensity estimation. In the human torso, scatter intensity can be so large that even a 5% error in scatter estimation can have detrimental effects on density estimation accuracy. Thus, when the scatter is reduced with a grid from the beginning, it makes scatter correction much easier.

September 5 2023

Where does the performance of our cone beam CT imaging techniques (which we develop in the lab) stand in comparison to the state-of-the-art (used in a radiation oncology clinic)? Farhang Bayat has a new publication on this subject. Here is the link: https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16681

When conducting such evaluations, we often cut and dice the data in many ways, plotting different performance metrics. But, for experienced eyes, a picture is often worth a thousand words.

Below, the test object images within the yellow rectangle were acquired using the clinical CBCT system utilized in our clinic. The ones within the red rectangle were acquired using our techniques. Additionally, the images within the green rectangle were obtained from the helical CT scanner in our clinic, considered the gold standard. What differences can you observe among these three groups? (By the way, my daughter believes I have the “weirdest” job, as I constantly stare at circles on the computer. I suppose she has a point).

We must emphasize that a better looking image (a term inherently vague) does not necessarily correlate with improved clinical utility or impact. To provide a simplified example: an image that clearly displays soft tissues might not be the most effective image for detecting bone fractures.

August 16 2023

Going through  some of our old videos: Testing the 3-axis motion stage, which holds our x-ray detector. Below: Ryan is working on the motion stage assembly.

August 5 2023

Dual energy (DE) material decomposition in CT imaging refers to splitting a CT image into 2 or 3 different material components that makes up the imaged object. For example, if a patient gets iodine contrast agent injection during a CT scan, this CT image can be decomposed into a patient anatomy-only and iodine-only images using DE techniques (In a standard CT image, iodine and patient anatomy are always blended).
This approach has numerous clinical applications in diagnostic CT imaging. However, its translation to cone beam CT (CBCT) applications (such as CBCT guided radiation therapy) has been challenging. This is in part due to poor image signal measurement accuracy when performing CBCT scans of human torso. Therefore, majority of DE CBCT applications and research is focused on smaller objects.
Cem has a new publication on improving image signal measurement accuracy in CBCT by using 2D antiscatter grids and grid-based scatter sampling (Here is the link to the Medical Physics article). Grid-based scatter sampling method employs 2D antiscatter grid as a micro-signal modulator to measure and remove residual scatter signal. This combined 2D grid + scatter sampling approach provides high signal measurement accuracy and enables DE CBCT imaging in human torso sized objects.
The sample DE CBCT image below shows how a pelvis-sized phantom is decomposed into water and iodine components.

July 31 2023

Farhang gave a presentation about his work on CBCT-based radiotherapy dose calculations at the 2023 AAPM Annual Meeting in Houston.

January 26 2023

A belated celebration of holidays and welcoming our newest team member, Uttam Pyakurel, to our group.

July 21 2022

Concurrent megavoltage beam delivery and kilovoltage CBCT imaging has potential new applications in image guided radiation therapy. However, this is not a practical approach yet due to contamination of images with megavoltage cross scatter. Our recently published method addresses this challenge; it suppresses cross scatter contamination with ~300 keV mean energy, and restores image quality in kV CBCT images. Besides radiation therapy, benefits of this approach may extend to high x-ray energy nondestructive testing.

Here is the link to our paper.

Images below: When 2D antiscatter grid and gird based scatter sampling (GSS) are utilized, images without and with MV scatter contamination (1st and 2nd rows) have quite similar pixel values (indicated by the "Difference" in the third row).

July 15 2022

Another exciting AAPM Annual Meeting is over.  Here is a picture of Eldib presenting at the CBCT session, and another one with his AAPM BEST Award.

June 1 2022

Congratulations to Mohamed Eldib, who has been selected as a recipient of the 2022 Best Medical / AAPM Fellowship. 

May 20 2022

2022 AAPM Annual Meeting is around the corner, and will be held in Washington, DC.  Our group will have 3 presentations on our quantitative CBCT imaging research. 

• Mohamed Eldib will present our new method for quantifying the effects of CBCT gantry flex on 2D antiscatter grid performance. The link to his abstract and presentation information is here. Eldib has one more presentation on our new simulation platform to study the primary transmission characteristics of 2D antiscatter grids.
• Farhang Bayat will present our raw data correction and iterative reconstruction pipeline for CBCT-guided radiation therapy. The link to his abstract and presentation information is here.

March 5 2022

First in person meeting of 2022, SPIE Medical Imaging Conference. We presented a new approach for high fidelity kilovoltage CBCT imaging during megavoltage beam delivery in image guided radiation therapy, which was authored by Farhang Bayat.

December 10 2021

We were happy to be back in person at the RSNA 2021 Annual Meeting. We had 3 presentations. Farhang Bayat presented the effects of  megavoltage cross-scatter on kilovoltage CBCT image quality in image guided radiation therapy, Mohamed Eldib presented a wavelet based image denoising method for 2D antiscatter grid CBCT, and Cem Altunbas gave a presentation on the feasibility of dual energy CBCT imaging in human torso using 2D antiscatter grids.

April 1 2021

Our work on the performance evaluation of 2D antiscatter grids and grid based scatter sampling methods was published in Medical Physics.

January 10 2021

CBCT has inferior quantitative accuracy when compared to standard multi-detector CT, also known as helical CT.

Recently, we developed a new method to improve quantitative accuracy of CBCT. This method exploits the use of 2D antiscatter grids in conjunction with flat panel detectors, to measure and correct residual scatter that was not stopped by the 2D grid. In this method, 2D antiscatter grid acts as a microarray of beam modulators placed directly on the detector, which, in turn, helps to measure residual scatter in projections. We refer this method as "Grid-based scatter sampling (GSS)". Correction of residual scatter using GSS method provides higher CT number accuracy than 2D antiscatter grid alone.

Our paper describing the GSS method was recently published in the Medical Physics Journal, and can be found here.

March 20 2020

Our work on a new scatter correction method was presented at the 2020 SPIE Medical Imaging Conference in Houston, TX.  Here is recap of our presentation:

2D antiscatter grids stop vast majority of scattered radiation in flat panel detector-based CBCT. However, a small fraction of scatter goes through, and registered by the image receptor. A less known effect of residual scatter is that it may interfere with grid septal shadow correction, and cause ring artifacts in cone beam CT images.

To correct residual scatter, we developed a new method; we used 2D grid itself as a residual scatter measurement (and correction) device. This scatter correction approach not only improves CT number accuracy further, but also reduces ring artifacts.

Some of the proof of concept results can be found in the SPIE Conference Proceedings:

Click here to access the article

Here are couple of cone beam CT images from the link above. Ring artifacts are reduced substantially after residual scatter correction.  Rings pointed by the blue arrows are caused by a detector related issue, not residual scatter. That’s why they are not corrected by our method.

November 15 2019

Our article, the effect of grid geometry on x-ray transmission properties, is published in Physics in Medicine and Biology.

This work shows that scattered radiation fraction is reduced by a factor of ~40 in high scatter conditions, when 2D grids (grid ratios 12-16) are used in cone beam CT geometry. Another conclusion of our work: 2D grids provide a factor of 5-7 lower scatter fraction than (high grid ratio) conventional grids, while also providing 20% better primary transmission than conventional grids.

June 10 2019

Our paper on a new ring artifact suppression method is published in the Medical Physics Journal. 

In this work, we developed a new adaptive Total Variation Minimization technique (adTVM) to adjust the regularization weights in an automated fashion to reduce grid-induced ring artifacts. The images below shows the effect of adTVM method on ring artifacts in CBCT images acquired with 3 different 2D antiscatter grids.