Define the Problem - Detailed Guidance

Specifying a knowledge gap, defining your end-users, narrowing it to a focused and feasible question, explain exactly what you're measuring, and using prior experience to develop a plan that allows systematic investigation.

Review the guidance organized by the elements below. Being clear on these details will limit future setbacks.

We recommend using a tool to help guide defining the problem and have created a worksheet to help teams gather and reconcile the information quickly and clearly.

Effective projects start with shared clarity: teams must explicitly define the problem, the target population, the scope, the intended outcomes, their starting point (what’s already known), and each member’s roles to avoid misalignment and wasted effort.

Engaging stakeholders, documenting decisions, and using structured tools (like logic models or SMART goals) help ensure all partners are working toward the same goals with realistic expectations. A clear, comprehensive plan built on these elements improves collaboration, efficiency, and the likelihood of achieving meaningful, timely results.

Why it Matters

It is important to ensure that all members of the team agree on what problem is being solved.

It is surprising how often a team thinks they are working on the same problem only to find that different team members have nuanced but important distinctions in what problem they believe they are solving.

Example

One team member may think they are developing a new pathway to make a process easier and quicker for clinicians, while another may assume the primary goal is to make the process easier for patients. While some projects can do both, without talking about this at the beginning, these disagreements lead to disappointing results or delays.;

Actions to Consider
Write down or document agreed upon definitions for future reference [see Worksheet]

Think of your funder as a stakeholder and ensure that your priorities align with priorities or needs that funders might have identified.

Anticipated Impact
Avoid delays and disagreements later in the implementation process

Tools and Resources
Define the Problem Worksheet - this worksheet helps teams document decisions made.

Why it Matters
As you define the problem, be sure to clearly identify who you're solving it for.

This seems straightforward or even obvious, but projects can go awry if different people think they are fixing things for different groups or purposes.

Example
One team member may think that you are working for all patients with dementia while another may think you are only working for one type of dementia like Alzheimer's. This innocent difference could lead to very different design or testing decisions down the road.

Actions to Consider
Your lived experience may also be relevant in addressing the problem

Engage those directly affected by the problem to collect deeper contextual information

Depending on the project, often this work is done in parallel with the Engagement work

Anticipated Impact
Team members have shared, clearly defined understanding of the target population

Ethical, respectful and context-aware engagement with target group

Tools and Resources
Please refer to the Engagement component for more information on this topic

Why it Matters
Getting clear on what you can do with the available resources you have is fundamental for your project success and to ensure you can achieve project objectives.

Clarity and agreement on your scope helps prevent scope creep, overcommitment, unrealistic goals, and misalignment across team members

Example
One team member may assume the project includes developing a full implementation plan for a new intervention, including training and evaluation. While others have planned only for preliminary needs assessment and baseline studies for their new intervention. Pursuing this without grounding on agreed upon scope could lead to inefficient use of resources, time and effort.

Actions to Consider
Discuss and document planned activities, deliverables, and timeline with all partners

Have a clear plan for reviewing your scope if things change- be prepared to adapt our plans as new issues arise.

Review scope often to minimize creep.

Keep your scope at the top of meeting notes and refer to it as you move forward to make sure you’re still working towards the agreed upon goals.

Why it Matters
Without collective clarity on the anticipated outcome, teams may risk working toward various ends with fragmented or asynchronous efforts

Example
One team member might assume the focus is on improving service quality outcomes, such as adherence to or fidelity with prescribed evidence-based intervention. While other team members may be targeting downstream outcomes, like improved patient health. Both are valid, however, the process required to achieve these outcomes differs significantly.

Actions to Consider
Identify short-term and long-term outcomes – consider using a logic model to define outcomes – these can be concretized in the Pragmatic Pilot Trials component

Develop or adopt the Specific, Measurable, Achievable (feasible), Relevant and Time bound (SMART) approach to frame your goals and outcomes

Most projects will have a clinical outcomes (e.g. blood pressure), a person-centered outcome (e.g. self-efficacy) and an implementation outcome(e.g. reach, adoption)

Review Pragmatic Trials outcomes element for more specifics on selecting outcomes

Anticipated Impact
Shared vision/goal/outcome to address identified problem

Logical pathway from input to outcomes

Tools and Resources

Define the Problem Worksheet - this worksheet helps teams document decisions made.
Logic Model Templates - Logic models are a visual representation of your project definition, context, activities and target outcomes. We encourage your team to develop one to help clarify these issues. NOTE- there are three different levels of logic models, depending on how detailed you want/need to be at this time. Review all 3 and decide which is best for you.

Why it Matters
Nearly all projects that teams initiate these days build upon the work of others.

It is important at the beginning to pause and gather as much information as you can on what has already been done so that you are not reinventing the wheel and/or stepping into the same traps that other teams have already experienced.

Also consider who is funding the grant. Different funders may influence how you focus the scope of the project, and what similarly funded projects may look like.

Actions to Consider
Review the literature to see what others have done in similar work

Review your prior work to make connections that may help with the new project

Consult with team members/others that have done similar work

Anticipated Impact
Avoid duplication and ensure continuity of efforts and activities

Enable new team members to onboard quickly and reduce the learning curve

Helps to make sure that the project you do fits with the resources and real-world limitations of your team

Tools and Resources
Define the Problem Worksheet – this worksheet helps teams document decisions made.

Why it Matters
Clearly defines who is going to do what at the beginning of a project is an essential step to avoid confusion and duplication of efforts. This helps remain within project scope.

Examples
One team member may assume they are responsible for project design and planning, while others may also share similar responsibilities, with slight variation on the specific tasks within those areas. This can lead to duplicated effort and leave other important tasks undone. Roles should be assigned based on project tasks that each team member can take on without overlapping.

On a new team, a project coordinator is used to being responsible for making and accepting edits to revised documents freely. The new project lead prefers to make final decisions. Without clarifying the roles ahead of the work, the lead and coordinator become frustrated, and the project is delayed due to the added back and forth needed to move deliverables forward.

Actions to Consider
During your workplan development, identify key activities each team member could take on and ensure these activities are within the defined scope

Document team roles and responsibilities

Designate roles for individuals under the categories of activity lead, support, reviewer, and approver

Roles on team often change over time during a project- anticipate this and review roles periodically

Anticipated Impact
Synergized team with clear roles and responsibilities

Accountability and trust among team members

Why It Matters
Planning is the foundation for successful, efficient, and collaborative projects. A well-structured plan ensures that everyone on the team is aligned on the problem, goals, scope, roles, and outcomes. Without a clear plan, teams risk miscommunication, duplicated efforts, and delays.

Example
A team launched a project to improve care coordination but hadn’t defined whether the focus was on clinicians or patients. As the project progressed, conflicting assumptions led to confusion, rework, and missed deadlines. Once they paused to clarify the problem, scope, and roles, the project regained momentum and delivered meaningful results. The comprehensive plan is the key to success.

Actions to Consider
Follow this guidance to ensure a comprehensive plan is developed from the outset.

Anticipated Impact
Strong alignment across the team.

Clear direction and shared understanding of goals.

Efficient use of time and resources.

Reduced risk of delays, confusion, and scope creep.

Increased trust and collaboration among team members.

Tools and Resources
D&I Models Webtool Planning section – This webtool section helps teams create a ‘moderately complex’ logic model to better define the problem and subcomponents within. You can complete all of the sections or just those most directly relevant to your project.

Tools & Resources

CU Campuses

CU Anschutz

Rapid and Rigorous Patient-centered Program

Define the Problem - Detailed Guidance

Define the Problem - Detailed Guidance

Define and describe WHAT PROBLEM your team wants to solve

Define WHO you’re solving the problem for

Define the SCOPE of your project

Discuss the OUTCOMES of focus

Define WHERE you are in the process

Define ROLES of the team members

Make a PLAN