Welcome to Lindley Lab

Lab Director, Emily M. Lindley, PhD

Non-Opioid Alternatives for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

Cannabis and Cannabinoids Research

Welcome to Lindley Lab

lindley

Emily M. Lindley, PhD

Assistant Professor of Orthopedics
Director of the Colorado Cannabis Research Consortium (C2RC)

 

Our research aims to identify non-opioid alternatives for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Chronic orthopedic pain conditions, such as back pain and knee pain, are highly prevalent and disabling conditions that are often treated with prescription opioids. The number of individuals using opioids for non-cancer chronic pain reached approximately 275 million in 2016. Unfortunately, this increase in opioid use is also associated with opioid abuse and overdose; each day, 90 Americans die from opioid overdose. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternative treatments to reduce or eliminate opioid use for chronic pain conditions. One such alternative that has gained increased recognition in recent years is medical cannabis. Our lab is currently focused on studying the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

 


Publications

NCBI Bibliography

  • Incessant Atrial Tachycardia From the Left Atrial Appendage Treated With Appendage Ligation

    Pub Date: 6/24/2024
    Journal: JACC Case Rep. 2024 Jun 4;29(13):102375.
    Authors: Yonathan F Melman Eric M Lindley Abishek Kashyap Rami Alharethi Peter Smit Daniel Gutteridge Joseph Palatinus Annie Oesterling
    PMID: 38912316
    PMCID: PMC11190696
    A previously healthy man presented in shock due to incessant tachycardia. He ultimately required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for support and clipping of his appendage for arrhythmia control. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of cardiogenic shock, aggressive hemodynamic support, and a multidisciplinary approach to managing these challenging arrhythmias.

  • Initial Validation of a Sacroiliac Joint-Specific Disability Questionnaire

    Pub Date: 5/1/2023
    Journal: Orthopedics. 2023 Nov-Dec;46(6):345-351.
    Authors: Vikas V Patel Eric E Sawyer Paul E Mintken Lori A Michener Claire L Cofer Emily M Lindley
    PMID: 37126835
    Low back pain is a multidimensional disorder that can originate from a variety of pain generators, including the sacroiliac (SI) joint. Although the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is often used in SI joint treatment studies, the effects of the SI joint on functional disability are likely different from those of other low back pain generators. Thus, we developed the Denver SI Joint Questionnaire (DSIJQ) and performed validation testing in patients (n=24) with SI joint-specific pain at baseline,...

  • Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Improves Spine Fusion in a Vitamin D-Deficient Rat Model

    Pub Date: 10/20/2020
    Journal: Int J Spine Surg. 2020 Oct;14(5):694-705.
    Authors: Vikas V Patel Zachary R Wuthrich Alicia Ortega Virginia L Ferguson Emily M Lindley
    PMID: 33077435
    PMCID: PMC7671454
    CONCLUSIONS: Overall, vitamin D deficiency decreased trabecular bone microarchitecture, and treatment with rhBMP-2 improved outcomes across all vitamin D groups.

  • Reply to Letter to Editor: Strain in Posterior Instrumentation Resulted by Different Combinations of Posterior and Anterior Devices for Long Spine Fusion Constructs

    Pub Date: 5/9/2018
    Journal: Spine Deform. 2018 May-Jun;6(3):335-340.
    Authors: Christopher J Kleck Damian Illing Emily M Lindley Andriy Noshchenko Vikas V Patel Cameron Barton Todd Baldini Christopher M J Cain Evalina L Burger
    PMID: 29735147
    No abstract

  • Positioning Performance of Power and Manual Drivers in Posterior Spinal Fusion Procedures

    Pub Date: 8/19/2017
    Journal: Appl Bionics Biomech. 2017;2017:7262841.
    Authors: J Micah Prendergast Alexander C Perry Vikas V Patel Emily M Lindley Mark E Rentschler
    PMID: 28819344
    PMCID: PMC5551465
    This work presents an analysis and comparison of the efficacy of two methods for pedicle screw placement during posterior spinal fusion surgery. A total of 100 screws (64 manual and 36 power driven), all placed utilizing a surgical navigation system, were analyzed and compared. Final screw placement was compared to initial surgical plans using the navigation system, and the final screw locations were analyzed on the basis of angular deviation from these planned trajectories as well as screw...

  • Cervical facet force analysis after disc replacement versus fusion

    Pub Date: 3/25/2017
    Journal: Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2017 May;44:52-58.
    Authors: Vikas V Patel Zachary R Wuthrich Kirk C McGilvray Matthew C Lafleur Emily M Lindley Derrick Sun Christian M Puttlitz
    PMID: 28340364
    BACKGROUND: Cervical total disc replacement was developed to preserve motion and reduce adjacent-level degeneration relative to fusion, yet concerns remain that total disc replacement will lead to altered facet joint loading and long-term facet joint arthrosis. This study is intended to evaluate changes in facet contact force, pressure and surface area at the treated and superior adjacent levels before and after discectomy, disc replacement, and fusion.

  • Strain in Posterior Instrumentation Resulted by Different Combinations of Posterior and Anterior Devices for Long Spine Fusion Constructs

    Pub Date: 1/1/2017
    Journal: Spine Deform. 2017 Jan;5(1):27-36.
    Authors: Christopher J Kleck Damian Illing Emily M Lindley Andriy Noshchenko Vikas V Patel Cameron Barton Todd Baldini Christopher M J Cain Evalina L Burger
    PMID: 28038691
    CONCLUSIONS: Different devices modify strain in low posterior instrumentation, which is higher after transforaminal and posterior techniques, specifically with spinopelvic fixation.

  • An analysis of spine fusion outcomes in sheep pre-clinical models

    Pub Date: 5/12/2016
    Journal: Eur Spine J. 2017 Jan;26(1):228-239.
    Authors: Emily M Lindley Cameron Barton Thomas Blount Evalina L Burger Christopher M J Cain Howard B Seim A Simon Turner Vikas V Patel
    PMID: 27165183
    CONCLUSIONS: Recommended timeframes for future studies designed to show either superiority over controls or equivalent outcomes with controls were developed based on aggregate results. Designating ideal study endpoints for sheep fusion models has both ethical implications associated with responsible use of animals in research, and economic implications given the cost of animal research. The current results can guide the development of future research methods and help investigators choose...

  • Sacroiliac Joint Pain and Its Treatment

    Pub Date: 2/19/2016
    Journal: Clin Spine Surg. 2016 Mar;29(2):42-8.
    Authors: Ralph F Rashbaum Donna D Ohnmeiss Emily M Lindley Scott H Kitchel Vikas V Patel
    PMID: 26889985
    The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) as a source of symptoms has been controversial; however, as knowledge about the joint increased, its role as a pain generator in patients complaining of symptoms that are often attributed to spinal pathology has become better appreciated. The literature reports that the SIJ is the pain origin in as many as 30% of patients presenting with low back pain. Clinically, the SIJ can be challenging to evaluate; however, assessing pain location, patient posture/movement, and...

  • Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Management in Prerenal Transplantation Candidates

    Pub Date: 11/11/2015
    Journal: Am J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 1;117(1):146-50.
    Authors: Eric M Lindley Amanda K Hall Jordan Hess Jo Abraham Brigham Smith Paul N Hopkins Fuad Shihab Frederick Welt Theophilus Owan James C Fang
    PMID: 26552506
    Cardiovascular (CV) assessment in prerenal transplant patients varies by center. Current guidelines recommend stress testing for candidates if ≥ 3 CV risk factors exist. We evaluated the CV assessment and management in 685 patients referred for kidney transplant over a 7-year period. All patients had CV risk factors, and the most common cause of end-stage renal disease was diabetes. Thirty-three percent (n = 229) underwent coronary angiography. The sensitivity of stress testing to detect...

  • Patient-Controlled Transdermal Fentanyl Versus Intravenous Morphine Pump After Spine Surgery

    Pub Date: 9/17/2015
    Journal: Orthopedics. 2015 Sep;38(9):e819-24.
    Authors: Emily M Lindley Kenneth Milligan Ryan Farmer Evalina L Burger Vikas V Patel
    PMID: 26375541
    Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is regularly used to manage pain following major surgery. The fentanyl hydrochloride iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) was developed to overcome some of the limitations of intravenous (IV) PCA. The small, self-adhesive, needle-free disposable system is applied to the skin on the upper arm or chest and is controlled by patients clicking a button on the device. The authors identified patients who were underwent spinal surgery from 2 prior multicenter,...

  • Predictors of spine deformity progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review with meta-analysis

    Pub Date: 8/25/2015
    Journal: World J Orthop. 2015 Aug 18;6(7):537-58.
    Authors: Andriy Noshchenko Lilian Hoffecker Emily M Lindley Evalina L Burger Christopher Mj Cain Vikas V Patel Andrew P Bradford
    PMID: 26301183
    PMCID: PMC4539477
    CONCLUSION: This review did not reveal any methods for the prediction of progression in AIS that could be recommended for clinical use as diagnostic criteria.

  • What Is the Clinical Relevance of Radiographic Nonunion After Single-Level Lumbar Interbody Arthrodesis in Degenerative Disc Disease?: A Meta-Analysis of the YODA Project Database

    Pub Date: 8/15/2015
    Journal: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016 Jan;41(1):9-17.
    Authors: Andriy Noshchenko Emily M Lindley Evalina L Burger Christopher M J Cain Vikas V Patel
    PMID: 26274529
    CONCLUSION: The presence of radiographic fusion is clinically significant, as patients with fusion had better clinical outcomes at 1 and 2 years postoperative than those with nonunion; however, patient-centered clinical outcomes should also be taken into consideration as independent, complimentary variables when assessing treatment success.

  • Perioperative and long-term clinical outcomes for bone morphogenetic protein versus iliac crest bone graft for lumbar fusion in degenerative disk disease: systematic review with meta-analysis

    Pub Date: 6/20/2014
    Journal: J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014 May;27(3):117-35.
    Authors: Andriy Noshchenko Lilian Hoffecker Emily M Lindley Evalina L Burger Christopher M J Cain Vikas V Patel
    CONCLUSIONS: BMP, in particular rhBMP-2, is a good alternative to autogenous bone graft, especially in cases when harvesting of autologous bone is contraindicated or undesirable, operation time is limited, and there are no contraindications for BMP use.However, the current study did not reveal evidence robust enough to develop strong medical recommendations concerning BMP use for lumbar arthrodesis in degenerative disk disease.

  • Long-term Treatment Effects of Lumbar Arthrodeses in Degenerative Disk Disease: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

    Pub Date: 6/6/2014
    Journal: J Spinal Disord Tech. 2015 Nov;28(9):E493-521.
    Authors: Andriy Noshchenko Lilian Hoffecker Emily M Lindley Evalina L Burger Christopher M J Cain Vikas V Patel
    PMID: 24901878
    CONCLUSIONS: This review indicates that surgical stabilization of the lumbar spine is an effective treatment for LS; in particular, for patients with severe chronic low back pain that has been resistant to ≥3 months of conservative therapy.


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